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Gary Leon Ridgway confessed to 71 murders but was only prosecuted for 49. Who are these victims? What everyone has wrong about Ridgway part 3, follow up to 2 earlier pieces.
Hello everyone, for the last few months I have been creating long form write-ups on a variety of unsolved cases. If you are interested in other lengthy write ups you can find them on my profile- https://www.reddit.com/useQuirky-Moto. Also, huge shout out to everyone who voted for the earlier parts of this series in the Best of 2020 series contest. I am honored that so many of you remembered the post and took time to read it. Those posts can be found here. Background Serial killer Gary Ridgway confessed to 71 murders, but was only charged with 49. Of those 49, 3 victims are still Jane Does. Official victim counts place known victims at 52-55 women. The other 15 or so women are still unknown; their bodies undiscovered. But Ridgway and investigators place Ridgway’s body count realistically at 80-100 victims. Who are these people? Most of Ridgway's victims were killed in between 1982 and 1984 in the worst killing spree that the country had ever seen, with the murderer killing women and girls sometimes more than once a week. Ridgway continued murdering until at least 1998, but police believe he committed crimes until 2001 when he was arrested. Ridgeway claims that he started his killing spree in early 1982. He says does not remember killing anyone in the 1970s but admits that it is possible. Ridgway has only been charged with homicides if he both confessed and there was one or more pieces of evidence against him. For example, if he led investigators to a body he was charged with that murder and all the murders of the women he left in the same cluster. He has also been charged with other cases if there was circumstantial evidence, fiber evidence, paint chip evidence, or DNA. He has not been charged with the murders of women still missing or women whose cases cannot be linked to him in a corroborating way, which is why the confession list is so much longer than the charged list. Also please remember that mass murders are not known for their honesty and we have to take confessions with a grain of salt. For months I have been collecting reports of missing women from Washington and Oregon who could be victims of Ridgway. Some of this information was compiled and posted in my earlier write ups on Ridgway, but my research has slowly been growing. Today, I want to profile Ridgway’s unknown Jane Doe victims, women he has confessed to killing but who are still missing, victims the police believe fell victim to Ridgway but who were living Jane Does, and others who could be the 15-40 victims for whom no justice has been served. Terms used The scene- A term used by Bundy and LE to describe the people with high risk lifestyles those who are homeless, sex workers, exotic dancers, drug users, hitchhikers, and others who are down and out The Strip- An area of Pacific Highway South near the airport in extreme south Seattle known for the scene. Most GRK victims were last seen in this area. Aurora Avenue- An area of extreme north Seattle along Aurora Avenue North known for the scene. A handful of women disappeared from this area. Rainier Avenue and Central District- Neighborhoods in south Seattle near the strip. Usually regarded as cheaper places to live. A handful of women disappeared from here. Dating- A term used in literature to refer to soliciting prostitutes. Ridgway used this term as did many sex workers. I use this term below as that is what is described in GRK literature. I don’t use it to dull what was happening in these exchanges. NOTE- Just like in my other posts, I want this section to tell the women’s stories in a respectful way, but I was also wanted this section to be authentic and I don’t want to sugar coat any of these stories. For many of the victims there is very, very little information available. I think this is why sometimes victims appearances are mentioned as it sounds better to say “At age 21, she was a tall woman with thick red hair and a great smile” rather than she died at 21. Additionally, some of these victims’ stories are not very pleasant and a in a few cases information from family and friends is unflattering or downright negative. Rather than skip these women or pretend these things did not occur I chose to include them in the summaries below. I added as many positives as I could and tried (key word tried) to shy away from information solely about their appearances or criminal records but sometimes no other information is available. I hope everyone can understand that my intention is to remember these women and their lives in the best possible way while realizing that not everything is positive. I ask you for only respect down in the comments. Thank you. Unidentified Jane Doe B-10 was a murder victim who was found in 1984, near the remains of known victim, Cheryl Wims. She was a white female between the ages of 12 and 19. She most likely died in the summer of 1983. She may have had brown hair and was around 5’5’ and 120 lbs. She was likely left-handed. She had a healed injury to the front of the left side of her skull. She is not Rose Cole, Janel Peterson, Susan Cappel, Lisa Dickinson, Wendy Huggy, Kase Lee, Keli McGinnis, Anna Anderson, Kristi Vorak, Amy Matthews, Teresa Hammon, Cheryl Wyant, Denise Dorfman, Carol Edwards, Linda Jackson, Angela Meeker, Andria Bailey, Dean Peters, Joan Hall, Patricia LeBlanc, MaryJo Long, or Kerry Johnson. Jane Doe B-17’s bones were found twice. Some bones were found in 1984 and some more were found in 1986. She was most likely a white female, aged 14-19, around 5’4”- 5’8” and average weight, around 120-140 lbs. She most likely died in 1983. Ridgway said she died in Spring or Summer 1983. Isotope testing shows she is possibly from the Northern United states (Alaska, Montana, Idaho, North Dakota) or Canada. She is not Rose Cole, Janel Peterson, Susan Cappel, Lisa Dickinson, Wendy Huggy, Kase Lee, Keli McGinnis, Anna Anderson, Kristi Vorak, Linda Jackson, Andria Bailey, Joan Hall, Patricia LeBlanc, MaryJo Long, Carol Donn, Barbara Cotton, Pollyanne Carter or Kerry Johnson. Green River task force believes that these remains belong to Diana Munyon who disappeared from Mississippi in the early 1980s. Jane Doe B- 20 was a murder victim who was discovered in 2003 after Ridgway led investigators to her body. Her skull was not recovered so no composite can be made and no race can be determined. She died in between 1973-1993 but most likely died in the late 1970s. She was likely 13-24 years old. Ridgway says she was a white woman about 20 years old with brown or blonde shoulder length hair who he killed in Summer ’82 or ’83. He does not remember killing anyone in the 1970s but admits it is possible. Jane Doe B-20 is not Keli McGinnis, Andria Bailey, Cora McGuirk, Linda M. Adams, Misty Copsey, or Deborah Tomlinson. Links The following 3 women have been linked to Ridgway almost conclusively but are technically still missing. Ridgway has confessed to the following three women’s cases but without corroborating evidence or bodies he has not been charged. Kase Anne Lee was a petite, red-headed 16-year-old who lived in the same building as confirmed Green River victim, Terry Milligan. She was originally from Spokane and worked a few hours weekly at a 1 hour photo shop. She worked the streets near the airport. Her husband, Anthony “Pretty Tony” Lee, was even briefly looked at as the killer due to his background of violence and pimping out women. Kase left one evening at 11:30 pm to buy groceries and vanished into the night. For years, the only available photos of Kase (pronounced like Casey) were her mugshots, although it seems as if a non mugshot photo of her is now available. Her body has never been found. Patricia Osborn left her home on Aurora Avenue in extreme north Seattle to meet a date in October 1983. Earlier she had been heard arranging the date on the phone. Patricia’s family lived in Oregon. She had three arrests all in 1983 that they had no idea about. When she didn’t call home during the holidays, she was reported missing by her family. By that time, she had not been seen by anyone in over three months. Keli Kay McGinnis had a life one could call peculiar. She was born to a young mother who worked as a musician and the pair lived in apartments in the Seattle area. When Keli was a few years old her mother married a millionaire businessman, and the three lived in a two-million-dollar mansion on Queen Anne Hill. Keli and her parents owned horses, yachts, and nice cars. They took lavish trips and Keli loved her father, who was actually her step dad. A few years down the road her mother and step father split and the pair went back to living in apartments with her mom working long hours as a singer. It was a weird life for the now aged eleven-year-old McGinnis. Years later at age 15 Keli fell in love with a boy at school and became pregnant. Keli’s family did not approve of her African American boyfriend so the couple moved in together. Keli and her boyfriend traveled the west coast with Keli working the streets. Keli usually worked with her best friend, later Green River victim, Pammy Advent. Keli’s background gave her an edge in the business and she worked at fancy hotels and attracted wealthier johns. According to some of the women who worked with Keli, McGinnis was able to pull in 2-3x what they did on a typical night. Keli left her home one night in South Seattle to work but never came home. Her boyfriend called the police to report her missing. He was adamant Keli would never abandon their toddler daughter, who was later adopted out to a family when McGinnis never returned home. Her body has never been found, but Ridgway believes he killed her. The following three women are current or previous Jane Does who were arrested under false names before disappearing in Seattle, and are still not identified today. It is possible some or all of these women are Green River Victims. (this is a very confusing section so please bear with me.) Linda Louise Jackson was arrested in King County in the early 1980s using the alias Wylynda L. Wells. In 2012, King County authorities tried to contact Wylynda who they learned was actually Linda, to testify in a trial. When her family was tracked down, they reported they had not heard from Linda in “well over 10 years.” As it turns out Jackson has not been seen in King County (or anywhere else) since early 1983 but was never reported missing. If you know her whereabouts or associates please contact King county authorities. She is a native American female with brownish-black hair and brown eyes. A photo is provided below. Michelle has not been seen in King County since December 1980. She went by the first name Michelle but this may not be her legal name. She also had ties to the New York area. She appears to be African American with light to medium skin tone, shortish brown-black hair and brown eyes. If you know her whereabouts, legal name, or associates please contact King county authorities. Both women’s photos can be seen here: https://www.kingcounty.gov/depts/sheriff/about-us/enforcement/investigations/green-river.aspx Angie is a young woman who has possibly been missing since Summer 1983. She is only known as Angie, and she was a friend of victim Tammie Lilies. Angie was from the Marysville area and is described as a white female, 17 to 18 years of age at the time of contact, 5' 4" in height, 110 pounds, with curly shoulder length light brown hair and greenish-blue eyes. She's been described as "very pretty" and "a Barbie doll." She was wearing blue jeans when she was last seen. No photo is available. If you know her whereabouts, legal name, or associates please contact King county authorities. (I have wondered if she is Angie Girdner down below but descriptions don’t match up perfectly and authorities seem to doubt this. She is also possibly Angela Meeker from Tacoma) More information can be found here: https://www.kingcounty.gov/depts/sheriff/about-us/enforcement/investigations/green-river.aspx The following women have been linked to Ridgway pretty conclusively and are known to be deceased but he has not been charged with their murders. In fact, he specifically denies killing the following three women. Amina Agisheff was a 36-year-old immigrant from Russia and a working mother of several children. She left her home and was waiting for the bus when she disappeared going to either visit her mother or coming home from visiting with her mother. She disappeared July 7th 1982. Agisheff’s body was found near North Bend in an area very close to other victims of Ridgway. Agisheff was found clothed or partially clothed, and her cause of death was a possible gunshot wound although this could not be conclusively proven. It is unknown if she was sexually assaulted. For years, Agisheff was considered to be the first Green River Victim due to where she was found even though she had no ties to the “scene” and was not known to use drugs or hitchhike. Ridgway always denies killing Agisheff, but as demonstrated above not all women killed by Ridgeway were part of the scene. However, Amina’s death varies significantly from Ridgway’s typical pattern. Theories: It is a coincidence that Amina’s body was found near other victims and she was the victim of another killer. She differed from the pattern because she was Ridgway’s first victim and his method was substantially different. She was not Ridgway’s first victim and varied from the typical because Ridgeway’s victims were more varied than initially thought. Some have speculated that Ridgway offered Amina a ride somewhere and she took it because she knew him, however tangentially. This has never been proved. Tammie Liles was from the Everett/Snohomish area north of Seattle. Tammie’s family last heard from her in 1982 and she was reporting missing in 1983. Friends or family believed that had contact with Tammie in May 1984 when she called and said she was living in Tacoma and was going to get married. The police think it is possible the girl on the phone wasn’t actually Tammie, or that her family was confused on the date of the call. Tammie was removed from the missing persons list only to be reported missing again, this time for good in 1988. At this point, Tammie who was known to work as a sex worker in Seattle was linked to the GRK but her body was not identified until 1998. She was not known to work anywhere in Oregon and it has been suggested she was killed in King county and transported to Oregon after death. (Her body was found in Oregon.) Tammie is listed on some lists as an official or unofficial/ unproven Green River Victim, on some lists as a possible victim while she is left off of other lists entirely. Angela Girdner went by the name Angie and was a straight A student at a private high school. As a teen, Angela fell in with the wrong crowd and ran away from home. She was reported missing in 1982 and died sometime that year or in early 1983. Her remains were found with Tammie Liles’ remains. Both girls were found close (within a mile) to the bodies of victims Denise Bush and Shirley Sherrill near Portland, Oregon. Police do not believe Angela ever travelled to Washington state making Angela the only victim who may have been both abducted and killed outside of the state of Washington. This may be why Ridgway denies involvement as his plea deal states he is eligible for death penalty if he committed crimes outside of King County. There is a theory that Tammie and Angela were killed by someone else and the placement of their bodies was a coincidence. The following women are missing or were found dead and may be Green River Victims but are not on the official list. Rhonda Louise Burse was 21 years old when she was last seen climbing into her car after her shift ended at the Flame Tavern where she worked as a dancer. Flame Tavern is located in Burien, Washington near SeaTac airport. Burse has never been seen again. Strangely, the Flame Tavern is also the last known sighting of another woman, Brenda Ball, who was killed by Ted Bundy only three years earlier. Due to the area and Ridgway’s victimology, some think Rhonda could be an early victim. Angela Mae Meeker was almost 14 when she disappeared in 1979. She was planning on going to the mall in Tacoma and then going to a birthday party when she vanished. Angela was seen later that evening at a party but never surfaced again. Angela ran away from home regularly and often hitchhiked around the Tacoma area. Angela’s parents believe she met with foul play when someone she hitched a ride with killed her. Angela Meeker is not Jane Doe B-10. Little information is available in the case. Andria Bailey was 15 or 16 when she went missing sometime in 1978 or 1979. The exact date of her disappearance is unknown. Andria lived with her grandmother in Spanaway, south of Seattle. Andria’s parents were in the military and lived in Germany. Andria was reported missing in 1989 when her mom called the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children saying that Andria had been missing for over 10 years. NCMEC called law enforcement. In 1995, someone (possibly NCMEC) called the Green River task force and gave them Andria’s name to compare to the does in the case. No one knows if Andria was involved in drugs, prostitution, or running away. Her grandmother cannot remember the last time she saw Andria or what she was doing. Apparently after Andria went missing her grandmother called her parents and Andria’s father flew to Washington state to look for her in the local area but she was never officially reported missing. Andria’s mother and grandmother have since passed away. In the one article available about this case, Andria’s relative submitted a DNA sample to match potential does. Little information is available. Linda M. Adams was only 15 years old when she was last seen in Yakima, Washington in 1978. Linda was a chronic runaway who was last seen walking down a road in June of 1978. She may have been hitchhiking. Linda was not reported missing until 2004 and it was actually the Green River task force who filed her report. Linda’s sister said they had tried to report Linda missing earlier but her status as a chronic runaway made the situation hard. I have submitted Linda as a possible match for all three of Ridgway’s unknown victims. I have since heard that Adams is not Jane Doe B-20. Louise Sanders was last heard from in February 1981. She called a friend to make lunch plans but then canceled those plans because she was meeting a “date.” She disappeared from downtown Seattle in 1981. Louise was 35 years old at the time but a hormonal disorder made her look like a teenager still. She was involved in prostitution in downtown Seattle at the time. Little information is available in her case. Diana Munyon ran away from home in Mississippi in 1981. Her family last heard from her in May 1982 when she called from Fontana, California. She was only 16 years old at the time. Her family contacted the Green River Task force years later, both due to her background and because Diana bears a resemblance to one of the Jane Does Ridgway plead guilty to murdering. Her case is being investigated by Seattle authorities. Little information is available. Kristi Vorak left her foster home in Tacoma, Washington in October 1982 age 13. After leaving home she may have been seen at a bus depot in downtown Seattle. Kristi did not have a history of running away or prostitution but she did frequent areas of Seattle and Tacoma known to be part of the scene. Kristi’s mom thinks it is possible Kristi is a transient in the Seattle area or left to start a new life but law enforcement believes she met with foul play and is a possible Green River victim Little information is available in her case. Patricia Ann LeBlanc was 15 when she ran away in 1983. Patti had a record for solicitation and in August 1983 was arrested and sent to a youth shelter. Four days later the youth shelter took a field trip to the Seattle Center (a museum where the Space Needle is at) and she ran away and disappeared. Patti’s foster mom said that Patti ran away from whatever living situation she was put in, but Patti still called her foster mom often. Those phone calls stopped in August 1983. Patti may have an unspecified medical condition. Little information is available in her case. Pollyanne Jean Carter was last seen leaving a friend’s home in Graham, Washington near Tacoma. She had called her parents and said she was headed home, but Pollyanne ran away often and frequented the city of Tacoma. After her disappearance her sister told law enforcement that Pollyanne frequently did sex work in Tacoma, something her parents did not know. She was last seen in 1984 at age 15. Diane Nguyen Robbins left her home in the Eastern Washington town of Kennewick to travel to Seattle in Summer 1985 at age 13. Diane had no history of prostitution but had recently began hanging out with an older woman named Molly A. Purdin, aged 21. Molly and Diane went to Seattle and Diane was reported as a runaway when she did not return home. Molly and Diane were last seen in Seattle or Bellevue on June 18th. Molly was found murdered a month later in north King County but there was no sign of Diane. Law enforcement believes Diane and Molly’s disappearances were due to a serial killer but have not specified Ridgway. Snohomish PD is handling the case and says both cases are considered cold. Molly sometimes went by Molly Purdin-Clary. She lived in Kennewick, Washington before going missing. Little information is available. Virginia Rambus was a Seattle woman who went missing at age 19 from south Seattle, Washington in 1985. Virginia left her apartment to visit a coworker who lived in the same complex. They were planning on going to a party together in the Rainier neighborhood, but Virginia never made it to her friend’s unit. At the time of her disappearance, serial killer Jesse Pratt also lived in her complex. He is the prime suspect in her disappearance. Virginia had no links to prostitution or drugs and held down a steady professional job. Her case is included in this piece only because of where she lived and the time period she disappeared. Doris Mulhern went missing from the SeaTac strip in 1987 when she was 21 years old. She and her boyfriend traveled all around the country; they were originally from Michigan. Both lived “transient, high-risk” lifestyles. Mulhern’s boyfriend took her to the mall and he never saw her again. The last time she was seen, she was walking down the SeaTac strip. Margaret Diaz was 31 when she vanished from Tacoma in 1988. Margaret had a high-risk lifestyle and frequently worked in the Hilltop area of Tacoma. She moved around a lot but tried to keep in contact with her three kids regularly. That contact stopped in 1988 and she has been missing ever since. Deborah Yvonne Wims sister of Cheryl Wims was last seen shopping on the SeaTac strip in 1990. She worked the strip in 1990 and disappeared when she was 31 years old. Her car was found parked on Pacific Highway south but there was no Deborah. Little information is available in her case. Her family believes she is a victim of Ridgway. Darci Warde was 16 years old in 1990. She was located by police in Seattle who returned to her parents- she had been reported missing previously. She immediately ran away again and vanished. Darci had links to prostitution. Law enforcement believes Darci’s disappearance was due to a serial killer but have not specified Ridgway. Little information is available in her case. Cora McGuirk was 22 in July 1991. She was the young mother of three who worked at a gift shop and was an enrolled student at the University of Washington. Cora went from being a typical working mother and student to suddenly dropping out of sight for one-two days at a time. Cora asked her aunt to look after her children in case anything bad happened to her, something that worried her aunt. The pieces fell into place when Cora brought home a new boyfriend who was using hard drugs. It is unknown if Cora was using but her aunt thought it was a likely explanation for her behavior. Cora left her children with her aunt and said she would be gone for a bit. She never returned and her abandoned car was found parked on Aurora Avenue north. Cora’s first priority was always her children even in those last few chaotic months of her life she made sure her kids had a safe place to be. Her family does not think she disappeared of her own accord. Cora’s aunt adopted and raised her three children, the oldest of which, Martell Webster, grew up to play professional basketball for the Portland Trailblazers. He was 4 when he last saw his mother. Helen Tucker was last seen in Tacoma in 1994 when she went to the police station to report that a John had beat her up. This was the last time anyone ever saw the 27 year old. Helen struggled with addiction and homelessness but she was regularly in contact with her family and her young child who was being raised by a family friend. Tucker was first reported missing in 2000, after family members realized that no one had formally reported her missing. Her case was originally given to the Green River task force who ruled out Ridgway and then returned the file to the Tacoma PD. New investigators report that while they believe Tucker died at the hands of a separate predator, Ridgway cannot be conclusively ruled out. Tami Faye Kowalchuk was only 17 when she was last heard from in December 1999. Like Hunter,Kowalchuk was from Tacoma and struggled with addiction to methamphetamine and often turned to sex work in order to make money. In 1999, she told her mother she was going to travel the county with a long haul trucker, her mother reminded her that she had a court ordered curfew and that that wasn’t a wise idea. This was the last time Kowlachuk was ever heard from. Her mother still searches for her daughter today. Jennifer Mae Enyart age 16 had a life similar to Tami Faye. As a teen she began running away from home and was arrested on a few occasions. One day in 2000, she was arrested by Seattle police, who called her parents to pick her up. They drove to Seattle and retrieved their daughter but when they stopped for gas, Jennifer escaped the car and disappeared into downtown Tacoma. No one has heard from her since. Jennifer, Tami Faye, Helen, and two other later victims, Debra Ann Honey-Hooks, and Danielle Mouton are believed to be victims of the same serial predator who was stalking women with high risk lifestyles in Tacoma from 1994-2005. However, TPD have said that Ridgway cannot be ruled out as the killer of the three earliest victims. Cases with loose or former links to the Green River Killer. Some of these women are mentioned in one book or one source only. Some women’s names are believed to be aliases which is why information is sparse. My research has yielded little information on several of the women below. Cherry Greenman was last known to be alive in September 1976 when she was released from the Douglas County jail in Waterville, Washington at age 20. Cherry was reportedly a “free spirit” who hitchhiked and wandered throughout the United States. Those who knew her reported that she would lose contact with loved ones for months to years at a time, so it would not surprise them if she was alive for years after her last known sighting. However, they believe she would have called her family eventually. She was not reported missing until 2004. One source says she has been ruled out as a Ridgway victim but other sources say she cannot be ruled out. Greenman is also a possible victim of Rodney Alcala. I have submitted Greenman as a possible match for Jane Doe B-20. Leann Virginia Wilcox died in late 1981. She fits the Ridgway profile to a tee, and was found near other dump sites but DNA on her body belongs to an unknown man, not Ridgway. Initially on the Green River list, Wilcox’s case is no longer considered a Ridgway murder, but he cannot be 100% ruled out. Theresa Kline died in 1982. She was in her 20s at the time and was known to hitchhike. Initially on the Green River list, Kline’s case is no longer considered a Green River homicide. Little information is available. My research has yielded little information on Theresa’s case, her death may not be a murder and her name may be an alias. Debra Kay King disappeared from Tacoma in July 1982 when she was only 24. Little information is available in her case but foul play is suspected. My research has yielded little information on Debra’s case, her name may be an alias. Laronda Marie Bronson disappeared November 19, 1982 from Portland, Oregon. The 18-year-old was last seen at a bus stop. Laronda had ties to prostitution in both Washington and Oregon and the King County Sherriff’s office is the investigating agency in her case. For reasons unknown, sources say she is known to be a Green River victim, although she is technically missing. Trina Deanne Hunter died in 1982. Initially on the Green River list, Hunter’s case is no longer considered a Green River murder. Little information is available. Kimberly Ann Reames Larson disappeared from the SeaTac strip in 1983. Her body was found the next day. (This info is available in only one book on Ridgway- no other information is available.) My research has yielded little information on Kimberly’s case, her name may be an alias. Tonya Lee Clemmons disappeared from the SeaTac area in 1983 but was not reported missing for a year. Tonya’s aunt said that Tonya always called, especially on holidays but the phone calls stopped in 1983. Tonya did not have a record for prostitution but she frequented areas known for sex work such as the SeaTac strip. Kimberly Yvette Hill of Portland was last seen getting into a hatchback car with Washington license plates. Kimberly was a sex worker and was only 19 years old. Her body was found dumped the next day. Her 1984 murder is still unsolved. Kathleen Arita was a 38-year-old computer operator at Boeing. She was last seen in May 1984, leaving her home in Renton. Her body was later found near the Star Lake road Green River dump site. She had been strangled. In general, she is not considered a Green River victim but the placement of her body is suspicious. Jacqueline L. Sexton a Portland native who worked as a sex worker, disappeared in December 1984. Her body was found 3 days later. (This info is available in only one book on Ridgway- no other information is available.) My research has yielded little information on Sexton’s case, her name may be an alias. Rose Marie Kurran was a 16-year-old from the Bellingham area. Rose was known to hitchhike. She was last seen on Pacific Highway south in 1987. Her body was later found near SeaTac airport. She had been strangled. Her family described her as an animal lover and a free spirit. Some sources say she is a known GRK victim. Kimberly Delange was last seen at a Puyallup shopping center in 1988. Her body was later found in Enumclaw, near the body of later victim Anna Chebetnoy. Little information is available in her case. Kerry Anne Walker of Renton, disappeared in 1988 after walking away from her home on Rainier avenue. Her body was found later in South King county. She was 15 years old. Little information is available. My research has yielded little information on Walker’s case, her name may be an alias. Shannon L. Pease, 15 was found dead in the Lakewood area of Tacoma in 1988. She was last seen in an area known for prostitution. Little information is available. My research has yielded little information on Shannon’s case, her name may be an alias. Robyn Kenworthy, 20 called her mom from Aurora Avenue one night and said she was coming home and was going to try to kick heroin for good. Robyn, who worked as a dancer, never made it home. Robyn was found dead from an undetermined cause later in a wooded area of Snohomish county in 1988. Ridgway is a suspect in her case. Jennifer Burnetto, 32 had also fallen prey to addiction. Jennifer worked the streets of Tacoma in 1988. She was found dead from stab wounds in Snohomish county near the body of Robyn Kenworthy. Ridgway is a suspect in her case. Tracey Wooten washed up on a beach in Tacoma at age 26 in 1990. Tracey had a history of drug use and sex work. Tragically, Law Enforcement has been unable to find any friends or family. My research has yielded little information on Tracey’s case, her name may be an alias. Anna Lee Chebetnoy was last seen at a Puyallup shopping center in 1990, the same one Kim Delange disappeared from. Her body was later found in Enumclaw, only 100 feet from Kim Delange’s body. Ridgway was known to leave bodies in Enumclaw in the past. Little information is available in her case. Tia Hicks was a 20-year-old who struggled with addiction and worked the streets of Aurora Ave. north in Seattle. Tia was found dead from an undetermined cause in a car in 1991. There is a suspect in her murder, if she was murdered. Her death is still a mystery. Heather Marie Kinchen disappeared in 1991. She was living in Seattle’s Capitol Hill neighborhood when she disappeared at age 14. The Florida girl’s remains were found in July 1991 in North Bend, Washington. Little information is available. Sarah Marshlene Habakangas disappeared in 1991. She was working on the Pacific Highway south when she was last seen at age 17. Her remains were found in July 1991 in North Bend, Washington. Little information is available. Nicole French aged 19 disappeared in 1992. She was good friends with Sarah Habakangas. Her remains were found in North Bend, Washington near the remains of Heather Kinchen and Sarah Habakangas. Little information is available. Sue Ellen Walker was 32 years old in 1992. She was believed to be living in Seattle but had no permanent address and was transient. She was not reported missing for several years. Little information is available in her case. Lisa Karen Sheer age 32, went missing from Auburn, Washington in 1994 near somewhere Ridgway was known to frequent. Sheer has a long history of dropping out of sight for extensive periods of time. It appears that she may have been transient. Very little is known about Sheer, and no one has heard from her since 1994. Tukwila Jane Doe: In January 1997 contractors in Tukwila, Washington were digging to build a new house when they uncovered human bones. Only known as Tukwila Jane Doe, this person was determined to be an adult female of unknown race and age. A full skeleton was not found. Due to the placement and location of the body investigators believe Tukwila Jane Doe may be a victim of Ridgway. The skeleton's postmortem interval is unknown at this time. The body was found wearing one tube sock and a blue hair barrette. Near the body there was a blue cloth, nylon type underwear W/ "JC Penny" & "Long" on the waistband, a red nylon type cloth, a brown & tan cloth, lace bikini-cut underwear, and some cloth with green, orange and blue stripes. The Doe is not Dagmar Linton. Anitra Renee Mulwee was last seen at a New Year’s Eve party in 2000/2001, but she never made it home to Tacoma. Anitra’s body was found a few weeks later near a former dump spot of the GRK. Despite the location of the body, there is no evidence that Anitra’s death was a homicide. Anitra did have ties to the scene as she had several drug and alcohol related offenses in her background. That particular dumping spot had been discovered by investigators years earlier, meaning that if Anitra was a victim of Ridgway, he would have dumped her body in place regularly surveilled by law enforcement, something he was not known to do. Little information is available in her case. Conclusion Even though Gary Ridgway was arrested almost 20 years ago, the aftermath of his crimes live on. King County Sheriff's Office still has a unit assigned to the Green River homicides and they're asking for information and tips which could help solve some of these mysteries which still haunt King County almost two decades later. They also encourage those whose relatives may have gone missing in the 1970s, 80s, 90s to contact them especially if they lived or worked in the area where Ridgway was known to operate. For years, many citizens did not know they could report their loved ones missing if their loved ones left of their own accord and were adults. Because of this misconception many people who may be victims of Ridgway or other predators have never been reported missing. You have a relative or friend who matches this description I would encourage you to contact the Green River Task Force at 206-263-2130 or email at [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]). What do you think? Are any of the women profiled victims of Gary Ridgway? Sources Green River Running Red by Ann Rule The Riverman: Ted Bundy and I hunt for the Green River Killer by Bob Keppel and William Birnes The Search for the Green River Killer: The True Story of America's Most Prolific Serial Killer by Carlton Smith and Tomas Guillen https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19920727&slug=1504298 http://charleyproject.org/case/keli-kay-mcginness https://unidentified.wikia.org/wiki/Green_River_victims https://www.kingcounty.gov/depts/sheriff/about-us/enforcement/investigations/green-river.aspx http://www.seattlemag.com/article/remembering-victims-green-river-killer https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19911121&slug=1318612 https://www.q13fox.com/news/vanished-search-for-5-women-missing-in-tacoma-includes-possibility-of-serial-predator
Well last week's celebrity gossip got dark, so to lighten things up a little bit I thought we could do another round of vintage gossip? Previous Vintage Gossip: 1990s
Just a reminder that if you want to discuss the royals go to royalsgossip
SomeMusic Gossip Britney Spears
Eight days into 2001 we have the INFAMOUS denim. (link)
In January 2001, Spears preformed with Aerosmith and NSYNC at the SuperBowl.
In September 2001, the iconic snake dancing during "I'm a Slave 4 U" at the MTV Music Video Awards occurred (which was wrangled by Bhagavan Antle from Tiger King fame).
In 2002, Spears starred in Crossroads with Zoe Saldana, Kim Cattrall, and Dan Aykroyd, which was written by Shonda Rhimes. She also attempted to open a restaurant called Nyla in NYC but exited the project after 3 months.
Spears and Justin Timberlake broke up and in December 2002 he release "Cry Me a River." As a response, Spears release "Everytime"
In 2003, Spears and Christina Aguilera preformed "Like a Virgin" at the MTV Video Music Awards and then both kissed madonna.
In January 2004, Spears married childhood friend Jason Allen Alexander at A Little White Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas, Nevada. The marriage was annulled 55 hours later, following a petition to the court that stated that Spears "lacked understanding of her actions".
In July 2004, Spears became engaged to American dancer Kevin Federline, whom she had met three months before. The romance received intense attention from the media, since Federline had recently broken up with actress Shar Jackson, who was still pregnant with their second child at the time.
In February 2006, pictures surfaced of Spears driving with her son, Sean, on her lap instead of in a car seat.
She announced she no longer studied Kabbalah (which she was introduced too by Maddona) in May 2006, explaining, "my baby is my religion".
Spears shaved her head with electric clippers at a hair salon in Tarzana, Los Angeles.
In January 2008, Spears refused to relinquish custody of her sons to Federline's representatives. She was hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center after police that had arrived at her house noted she appeared to be under the influence of an unidentified substance. The next day, Spears's visitation rights were suspended at an emergency court hearing, and Federline was given sole physical and legal custody of their children. She was committed to the psychiatric ward of Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and put on 5150 involuntary psychiatric hold under California state law. The court placed her under a conservatorship led by her father, Jamie Spears, and attorney Andrew Wallet, giving them complete control of her assets.
In January 2009, Spears and her father obtained a restraining order against her former manager Sam Lutfi, ex-boyfriend Adnan Ghalib, and attorney Jon Eardley–all of whom had been claimed to conspire to gain control of Spears's affairs.
Justin Timberlake
During halftime of the 2004 Super Bowl, just as Timberlake belted out the lyrics ''I'm gonna have you naked by the end of this song,'' he pulled off part of Jackson's bustier, revealing her breast and a nipple shield that the entire nation saw for about a second.
I'm team Justice for Janet as I think she got wayyyy more hate than Justin did for this.
Men who need to be cancelled - You know, I thought the 2000s would be fun but it's got dark stuff too, so I've spoiler tagged this so you can skip it. If you're discussing this below, can you spoiler tag too? Michael Jackson - Died on June 25, 2009. There is a documentary on his sexual abuses and honestly it's horrifying and I'd rather not snark on it but it needs to be mentioned. R. Kelly - The 35 year old man was indicted then acquitted on child porn charges. There is a documentary on his sexual abuses and honestly it's horrifying and I'd rather not snark on it but it needs to be mentioned. Phil Spector - convicted of murdering Lana Clarkson and did a lot of other bad stuff including emotional, sexual, and physical abuse of musicians, children, and partners. Chris Brown - When the pop couple were a no-show at dress rehearsal for the Grammy Awards on February 8, reports quickly surfaced about an altercation between Chris Brown and Rhianna. Brown was charged with assault and making criminal threats, and at a hearing in LA on June 22, the singer pled guilty to felony assault. I hate that he's still popular and have mixed feelings about the two still making music together. Aaliyah Haughton
Died in an airplane crash in The Bahamas
TLC
Lisa Lopes (Left Eye) died on April 25, 2002 was killed in a car crash in La Ceiba, Honduras
Run DMC
Jason William Mizell (Jam Master Jay) was shot and killed in a Merrick Boulevard recording studio in Jamaica, Queens
Other Celebrity Musician deaths
James Brown, Johnny Chash, Ray Charles, George Harrison, and Les Paul
Madonna
If anyone would like a deep dive into Madonna's movie career, I suggest either this Youtube playist reviewing her movies (link) or this 23 minute video reviewing American Life (link).
She married Guy Ritichie at a Scottish castle in 2000 and started using a British accent
Kelly Clarkson
According to Wikipedia, Kelly made chunky highlights fashionable after her appearence on American Idol.
Glee & American Idol & Britain's Got Talent
A lot of music was driven in popularity by Glee and American Idol.
Remember the mania around some of the contestants? Like Susuan Boyl from 2009 Britain's Got Talent or Adam Lambert's very sexual performance during the American Music Awards? Lambert had appearances cancelled after that.
Taylor Swift
At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, Kanye West infamously interrupted winner Taylor Swift's speech to praise Beyoncé.
SomeMovie & TV Gossip
The first Harry Potter book was released in 1999, but Potter-fever didn't hit until the 2000s. The last book was released in Jul 2007.
Big films of the decade include March of the Penguins, Super Size Me, Lord of the Rings, Passion of the Christ, X-Men, Batman, Spider-Man, Shrek, Watchmen, Da Vinci Code, The Matric, Star Wars II and II, and Avatar.
Heath Ledger died and posthumously won an Oscar for his performance as the Joker.
Doctor Who was reviewed with a new Doctor after being off the air since 1989.
Emmy winners for best drama in this decade were: The West Wing, The Sopranos, Lost, 24, and Mad Men
Hunter S. Thompson, writer of The Rum Diary sand Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, died in 2005 and Johnny Depp shot his ashes out of a cannon. This was accompanied by red, white, blue, and green fireworks—all to the tune of Norman Greenbaum's "Spirit in the Sky" and Bob Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man". The cannon was placed atop a 153-foot (47 m) tower which had the shape of a double-thumbed fist clutching a peyote button. The funeral cost Depp over $3 million dollars.
Twilight mania became a thing in 2005 lasting through 2008.
Lots of drama on Gey's Anatomy, including Isaiah Washington being fired for being anti-gay (which honestly, good for ABC and Shonda Rhimes).
Christian Bale
In February 2009, a profanity-laced audio recording of Terminator star Christian Bale berating Shane Hurlbut, director of photography for the film, hit the web.
Winona Ryder
On Dec. 12, 2001, Ryder was arrested after shoplifting $5,560 worth of goods from the Saks Fifth Avenue in Beverly Hills. (Cameras caught the Heathers actress stuffing socks and accessories into a hat.) She was ultimately convicted on counts of felony grand theft and vandalism, sentenced to 480 hours of community service, and required to pay a fine and restitution.
BRADGELINA
In early 2005, after nearly five years of marriage, Aniston filed for divorce from Pitt. Brad Pitt met Jolie on the set of Mr. & Mrs. Smith and even though they denied it then, it's been confirmed he did cheat with Jolie then.
There's a lot to unpack here, like how the media treated each party differently and how awful Pitt and Jolie behaved (see the fake family magazine photos right after the divorce announcement). Also, we can view this different with a decade since (and Jolie and Pitt's subsequent divorce).
I'm counting this as TV gossip because right before the premiere of her reality show The Simple Life, Paris Hilton and Rick Salomon's sex tape was release in 2003.
Sandra Bullock
Miss Congeniality was released in 2000 and then in 2004 she was in 2004, which won the Oscar for Best Picture.
Bullock married motorcycle builder and Monster Garage host Jesse James on July 16, 2005. The divorced in 2010 after reports of his cheating came out.
Martha Stewart
Sent to prison over insider trading
Mel Gibson - He's since had a comeback! My parents loved Hawksaw Ridge. But in 2006, he was pulled over for drunk driving and said anti-Semitic and sexist remarks. Just a reminder to use spoiler tags for the not fun stuff to keep this a light hearted. Roman Polanski - was arrested for rape in Switzerland in 2009. Polanski was defended by many prominent individuals, including Hollywood celebrities and European artists and politicians, who called for his release even though the general public thought he should be in jail. In 2010, the Swiss released him and his movements are limited to France, Switzerland, and Poland. SomeSports Gossip
In the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Michael Phelps 8 medals. He currently has 14 gold medals and broken 37 world records in swimming. In 2009 he was caught smoking marijuana from a bong which was quite the scandal.
Usain Bolt broke 3 running records at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Lance Armstrong won all the Tour de France between 1999 and 2005, also an all-time record, but was later stripped of all his titles when evidence emerged of his use of performance-enhancing drugs.
David Beckham joined MLS Galaxy team in LA with a MASSIVE salary of $6.5 million per year for 3 years. There was rumor him and Posh Spice would get a reality tv show and were best friends with Tom Cruise. However, they returned to London as he was loaned to Milan during those 3 years.
Steroids also spread the sports world throughout the decade, mainly used in Major League Baseball. Players involved included Barry Bonds, Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa and Alex Rodriguez.
Tiger Woods caught cheating. There's a new HBO documentary on his fall from fame.
SomeModel and Fashion Gossip
Kate Moss photographed snorting cocaine
Blake Lively is Anna Wintour's darling and says she doesn't use a professional stylist)
Gisele Bundchen is a Victoria's Secret Angel with her signature horse walk between 2000 to 2007
Two decades ago, the movie “Erin Brockovich” helped make Thomas Girardi something of a folk hero. Already an accomplished trial lawyer who pursued personal injury cases against large corporations, he was part of the legal team when Ms. Brockovich went after Pacific Gas & Electric in 1993. Ultimately, the California utility was forced to pay hundreds of millions of dollars to people who said they got cancer and other ailments from drinking contaminated groundwater. The movie helped introduce the world to “toxic tort” litigation — cases arising from exposure to chemicals and pollutants. And Mr. Girardi, who was thanked in the movie’s credits and served as an adviser on the film, reaped the rewards for clients and himself: He went on to win billions of dollars for customers of the pharmaceutical company Merck, and married a singer who has a spot on “The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills.” But now Mr. Girardi is starring in his own legal drama — one that William F. Savino, a lawyer for one of the firms that are now suing him, called an “almost Shakespearean tragedy.” Lawsuits playing out simultaneously in state and federal courts in Los Angeles and Chicago have left Mr. Girardi’s personal and professional life in tatters as he faces accusations of misconduct, including that he misappropriated money that was supposed to go to families of victims of the 2018 Lion Air crash, which led to the grounding of Boeing’s 737 Max. Lawyers for Mr. Girardi, 81, have suggested in court that he is no longer mentally competent — an idea that another attorney for Lion Air families said was merely an attempt to avoid responsibility for a Ponzi scheme that finally fell apart. Mr. Girardi owes tens of millions of dollars to finance firms and hedge funds that lent money to his small Los Angeles law firm, Girardi Keese, according to court filings. He and the firm were pushed into bankruptcy in December, and most of his assets have been frozen. Last week, a federal judge ordered the appointment of an interim trustee “to immediately take possession of the books and records” to determine how much money he has and owes to others. At the same time, a federal judge in Chicago is holding hearings into fraud accusations against Mr. Girardi over a settlement with Boeing over the Lion Air crash. Lawyers with another firm that represents victims’ families say Mr. Girardi may have misappropriated at least $2 million in settlement money paid out by Boeing, which had acknowledged that a software issue had contributed to the crash that killed 189 people. And then there is the personal strife. Mr. Girardi’s wife of 21 years — Erika Jayne, a singer and star of the reality TV show “The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills,” filed for divorce in November just as the mounting debts and allegations of financial misdeeds began to mount. It is a stunning fall for Mr. Girardi, who in 2014 was inducted into the Trial Lawyer Hall of Fame. The group noted that he had secured more than 30 favorable jury verdicts for clients and praised him for his role in more than 100 settlements, including the PG&E case and the $4.85 billion settlement arising from complications associated with Merck’s pain medication Vioxx. Now Mr. Girardi’s legal practice is effectively shuttered, throwing other lawsuits into upheaval. His firm had been representing about 8,000 clients in the so-called Porter Ranch environmental litigation — a far-reaching lawsuit involving 36,000 people who lived near a major gas leak in 2015. Court filings estimate the litigation could lead to settlements worth $1 billion just for Mr. Girardi’s clients, who now need new representation. Mr. Girardi’s firm was the lead counsel in the Lion Air litigation, and Boeing paid it an undisclosed sum that was supposed to be dispensed to the families of victims. But at least $2 million of that money wasn’t distributed, said Jay Edelson, an attorney who represented other clients in the litigation. Lawyers for Mr. Girardi have suggested to the Chicago court that neither he nor his law firm was in a position to pay the disputed money. And at a hearing last month, Evan Jenness, a criminal defense lawyer hired by Mr. Girardi, told Judge Thomas M. Durkin that she wanted to get a “mental evaluation” of Mr. Girardi because “he’s unable to effectively advise me on how to defend him.” Ms. Jenness did not respond to a request for comment. The lawyer representing Mr. Girardi’s firm, Michael Monico, said in an email that he had no new information to provide. Mr. Edelson said the suggestion that Mr. Girardi’s competency might be at issue was a ruse to evade liability and accused Mr. Girardi and his firm of “running a Ponzi scheme” for many years. In a recent court filing, Mr. Edelson’s firm said Mr. Girardi had a history of postponing payments until money came in from other settlements and jury verdicts. Mr. Edelson said his firm became suspicious that something was amiss over the summer because some of the victims’ families had not been paid by Mr. Girardi’s firm even though Boeing had largely settled with the families in early 2020. “We kept getting a lot of excuses but didn’t have any firm knowledge the money was taken,” Mr. Edelson said. “We knew the money did not go to the clients in the fall.” In early December, Mr. Edelson filed court papers alerting Judge Durkin to the problems with the payments. In a Jan. 5 court filing by Mr. Edelson’s firm, he included a transcript of a voice message left by Mr. Girardi around Thanksgiving. “Don’t be mean to me, be nice to me,” Mr. Girardi said in the message, according to the filing. “I’m doing good. It was because of me that we got this, by the way. I’ll be in touch, don’t worry about everything. We’re friends. Things are going to work out good.” As the bankruptcy case proceeds, it’s not clear whether the families of the victims of the Lion Air crash or Mr. Girardi’s creditors will be paid first. But that may be the least of Mr. Girardi’s concerns. In many states, misappropriation of client money can be grounds for disbarment and even criminal prosecution. At a hearing last month, Judge Durkin called Mr. Girardi’s conduct “unconscionable” said he would refer the matter to federal prosecutors. Later that day, the U.S. attorney’s office in Chicago filed a motion with the judge to unseal confidential settlement documents for law enforcement to review. Shanin Specter, a trial lawyer in Philadelphia who has served as a co-counsel with Mr. Girardi on the Vioxx litigation, said Mr. Girardi had a well-earned reputation as one of the nation’s top trial lawyers. But the allegations that he misappropriated client money, if true, are inexcusable, Mr. Specter said. “Taking your client’s funds is the professional equivalent of touching an electrified rail,” Mr. Specter said. “It’s professional suicide.”
"Why is San Francisco the way that it is?" - A history of pluralistic populism and the urban anti-regime in Baghdad by the Bay, aka the Beachhead of Unintended Policy Consequences
- the_status Discussion Thread, Queen Hillary Publishing, October 15th, 2020
Boy, am I glad you asked!
(but really...am I? I know I said "ask me again on Monday" back in October. I spent a little longer on this than I thought I would...Sorry bud.) A brief note about me and why you should or shouldn't care what I think: I was born in San Francisco*, California in the late 1980s (👴 lmao), and grew up there through the '90s and '00s. \No, not Moraga. Not Mill Valley. Not Sunnyvale. SAN FRANCISCO. You moron. You absolute dolt.) I've worked for small startups and watched them become major publicly-traded tech firms. I've worked for local government and watched planning professionals drive themselves insane from knowing how to fix things but not having the political mandate to act on that knowledge. I've mansplained to more than my fair share of people who didn't really care why San Francisco is the way that it is today. And you can be next! _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction: "The City" as Everything but a City
"It's an odd thing, but anyone who disappears is said to be seen in San Francisco. It must be a delightful city and possess all the attractions of the next world."
- Oscar Wilde
"Hey, Georgia! San Francisco just wanted to say "thank you!" We already have Nancy Pelosi as our Congresswoman, now you're gonna give us John Ossoff as our Congressman!"
- Congressional Leadership Fund Super PAC Few cities carry as much symbolism as San Francisco. When you consider that San Francisco is a city of not even a million people, its outsize presence in our cultural zeitgeist becomes all the more notable. For progressives, the city is a besieged bohemian mecca - at once quaint and visionary, and under siege by a looming neoliberal order. For conservatives, it's an anarchic disastrous mess where unchecked liberal policies have produced a petri dish of societal failure and hedonism, all funded by extreme taxation. For liberals, it's a hub of technological innovation paradoxically situated precisely where innovation seems most squandered, where byzantine regulations on business and development stymie America's best opportunity to advance into the next century on the backs of immigrant innovators. All three would likely agree with the assessment of Paul Kanter of Jefferson Airplane:
San Francisco is 49 square miles surrounded by reality.
But how did it wind up that way?
Part One: Pre-Industrial San Francisco
Prior to European settlement, what is now San Francisco was Ohlone Indian territory. They were getting along pretty nicely until the Spaniards came up from Mexico with all their missionary bullshit, and that involved a lot of not leaving the Ohlone alone...Things kinda went downhill for the California native population from there in a big way. (Like in a genocide way.) In the mean time these American people are super into this Manifest Destiny thing and so Alta California starts to have a big illegal immigrant problem from the United States. The San Francisco Bay is by far the best place to anchor a ship on the West Coast, what with the deep calm water and all, so all these illegal immigrants set up a little town called Yerba Buena*. Eventually they decide they're not content just genociding the native people, but also want voting rights and the ability to own the land they're genociding people on, so they go to Sonoma which is one of the only places the Mexicans have guns and they LARP a revolution. ^(\Funny story about the name change. I can explain in the comments if you're curious.)* It's not the US military doing the LARPing at first but they're definitely super down with it so they decide get in on the fun too and, bingo bango, California's a state now. Again, brief interlude, and I cannot stress this enough...this whole story REALLY sucks if you're an Ohlone Indian. Like, you're basically being shot and raped murdered by everyone else involved. So anyway this statehood thing was perfect timing for the Americans because it was only a couple years later that this guy John Sutter sees something shiny in the water. Turns out people will basically crawl over a mountain range or get scurvy and shit themselves around Cape Horn just to get some of this cool shiny stuff, and that's exactly what they did. So a metric shitload of people came to California starting in 1849. Most were from the Eastern parts of America, but many were from Mexico, Chile, the Philippines, France, and China. (The Chinese came to refer to San Francisco and the surrounding area as "Gold Mountain", and eventually, "Old Gold Mountain") These Forty-Niners were typically blue collar fortune-seekers. Ramshackle types from all over the world who thought they could change their fortunes with a dramatic change of scenery. Basically right from the get-go, San Francisco was a mostly working class, pluralistic, multicultural and diverse place where people sought the next frontier of wealth, prosperity, and freedom. It was distant from the institutions and power structures that had established dominance in the East. A burgeoning independent metropolis and Capital of the Wild West. This way of thinking about San Francisco is important because it basically still defines the San Franciscan identity, from the perspective of the people who actually live there, to this day. TL;DR: San Francisco was:
Ohlone land, until it was...
Spanish land, but still mostly empty, until it was...
American land, but still mostly empty, until it was...
Still American land, but hella crowded all of the sudden, and now it was defined by...
Pluralism
Industriousness
Innovation
Freedom and independence from Eastern U.S. institutions
Being a really shitty place to be an Ohlone Indian despite it being rightfully your land
Part Two: San Francisco as Western Industrial Powerhouse
What we're left with this point is a substantial, rapidly growing port city built around streetcars, horses and buggies, and shipping. It is the jumping-off point for any business endeavor pretty much anywhere in California's interior. And being so distant from the institutions of the East, it starts to develop its own institutions. Banks like Wells Fargo. The Southern Pacific Railroad. Levi Strauss Clothing Company. These dudes were ultimately the only ones to actually get rich from the Gold Rush. Also still a really shitty place to be for an Ohlone Indian. (By the way it was also a really shitty place to be Chinese pretty much from the Gold Rush onwards, too. Like, Supreme Court Case shitty....Not just once, either.) The city caught fire and burned a lot, notably in 1851. This inspired the city to put a phoenix rising from the ashes on its flag. Then it all fell over in an earthquake and burned really good and properly this time in 1906. It rebuilt rapidly in time for the 1915 World's Fair. This set the stage for what San Francisco would be for the next fifty years or so. An industrious, blue collar, capitalist metropolis. The gateway to the Pacific and the crown jewel of West Coast industry and innovation. A city dominated by organized labor, and, accordingly, progressive and sometimes even radical politics. Then World War II happened and the U.S. was hella racist. They were hella racist against the Japanese people, to the point that they put them in concentration camps and made them abandon all their property. They were a little less racist to black people, and let them have jobs building planes and ships and stuff, but still too racist to let them fight in the war or live wherever they wanted. So a lot of black people moved to the Bay Area to help build planes and ships and stuff (plus it was still way better than staying in the South.) With the limited places banks and neighborhood groups would let them live, a lot of them moved in to the existing working-class neighborhoods by the heavy industrial and shipbuilding facilities, and a lot of them moved into the place where the Japanese people had previously lived because, hey, I wonder why all these apartments are empty? Surely that's not a bad omen about how the government will treat minority communities, right? So now the government has a black neighborhood on its hands and it's very inconveniently right next to some important stuff. Not to be racist (by the way just so you know one of my friends is black) but I think that means the neighborhood is "blighted" because of, you know...all that jazz. So they decided to do a Robert Moses all over the place and kick all the black people out and bulldoze their homes and stuff. As you can imagine, a lot of minority community groups have wound up being pretty skeptical as a general rule of the vision laid out by mostly white politicians and urban planners for the future of San Francisco as it pertains to their communities. So, in 1940, San Francisco was 95% white, but right after the war that number started falling steadily. It never stopped, and around the mid-1990s or so San Francisco became a majority-minority city, which it still is to this day. Meanwhile the government was basically subsidizing suburban sprawl, building urban freeways and giving out super lucrative home loans to veterans(minorities need not apply). White people who were TOTALLY not racist but were just CONCERNED about the increasing diversity of inner cities started moving out in large numbers. In San Francisco they were largely replaced by immigrants. Overall the population began to decline around 1950 and wouldn't reach 1950 levels again until 2000. In contrast, the Bay Area was still rapidly growing by way of suburban sprawl. The population of the entire Bay Area almost doubles over this same timeframe, from 2.6 million to 6.7 million. From an economic perspective, by the time the Vietnam War rolls around, the military figures out it can ship things a lot faster and cheaper if it miniaturizes the concept of a warehouse into a weatherized steel box, and then uses trucks and cranes in big lots by the water to load and unload these new "shipping containers" directly on and off ships. Well, the problem is, the San Francisco isn't really set up for this. And it's not exactly a cheap, easy, or even smart idea to try to change that. So they do it in Oakland instead. And in only a few years, San Francisco loses its status as the primary shipping and industrial city of the Bay. American manufacturing declines generally, but even what little of it stays in the Bay Area doesn't stay in San Francisco.
The city of San Francisco lost twelve thousand manufacturing jobs between 1962 and 1972, the years when most of the Edgewater Homeless were adolescents. (Arthur D. Little Inc. 1975). The Edgewater Boulevard corridor, which had provided employment for most of the residents in the neighborhood up the hill, were particularly hard hit. Most of San Francisco's largest factories were located off Edgewater. It was also the hub for the region's transportation, communications, and utility sectors, including the Southern Pacific Railroad and, most important, the shipyards. Throughout the mid-1950s, the Hunters Point navy shipyard was the engine of heavy industry in San Francisco, with eighty-five hundred employees (Military Analysts Network 1998); but in 1974 it closed down. ... Economists have shown statistically that high rents, high levels of income inequality, and low rental vacancy rates are the three variables most consistently associated with elevated levels of homelessness in any given city (Quigly et al. 2001; U.S. Bureau of the Census 2001). From the 1990s through the 2000s, San Francisco County ranked number one in the nation with respect to all these variables, and, predictably, its homeless population burgeoned.
- fromRighteous Dopefiend\, Phillipe Bourgois and Jeff Schonberg, University of California Press, 2009*) So the city is pivoting away from being a blue-collar place where people live and work, and transitioning into a white-collar place where people commute to work, and otherwise pretty stagnant and kind of rife for the circumstances that bring the proliferation of homelessness. This defines the political order of the era. Planners and politicians are envisioning a new San Francisco, where it serves as the Manhattan to the Bay Area's New York, but with suburbs this time, if only they could stamp out all that blight. TL;DR San Francisco is changing in the following ways in the middle of the 20th century:
White people are leaving
Immigrants and POC are moving in
The city is shrinking in population overall
The region as a whole is still growing because of suburban sprawl
The city was rapidly losing its industrial jobs
The people who depended on those jobs were suddenly unable to properly care for their families
The city is not defined in any meaningful way as a haven for the rich, but is instead, from a residential perspective, in a state of slow decay and stagnation, populated by blue collar workers, people in public housing, and government bureaucrats
Residential vacancy rates are low and rents are modestly rising but there is nothing at all like the housing crisis that we know of today occurring
The planners and politicians are focused on remaking the city into a regional and global capitalist powerhouse, and using bulldozers and cranes to do it
Conditions are shaping up to be pretty much ideal to drive an increase in homelessness (low vacancy, rising rents, rising income inequality)
It was still a really shitty place to be an Ohlone Indian despite it being rightfully your land
A bunch of weirdos were showing up and doing a lot of drugs. Oh yeah, about that, because it's kind of important...
Part Three: Flowers in your Hair
San Francisco's pluralism, its labor politics, and its independence from the hegemonic economic and cultural institutions of the regions to the East made it a mecca for free-thinking liberals and radicals well before the Vietnam War era. It was a working-class Catholic city, so in that sense it was fairly conservative, but it was also a cultural center of the Beat Movement. So when the counterculture movement gained steam across the Anglosphere in the 1960s, San Francisco was the place to be. On January 14, 1967, a crowd of approximately 20-30,000 people gathered at the Polo Grounds in Golden Gate Park at what became known as the Human Be-In to suffer for fashion in the frigid San Francisco fog. In hindsight we understand this event to be the kickoff festivities of the Summer of Love.
The Human Be-In was the beginning of the story for thousands of people, many of whom would go on to take primary roles in San Francisco's revolution. ... "When it started out, the city was antiblack, antigay, antiwoman. It was a very uptight Irish Catholic city," said Brian Rohan, [Michael] Stepanian's legal sidekick and another brawling protégé of Vincent Hallinan. "We took on the cops, city hall, the Catholic Church. Vince Hallinan taught us never to be afraid of bullies." By taking on the bullies, the new forces of freedom began to liberate San Francisco, neighborhood by neighborhood.
- David Talbot,Season of the Witch(Free Press Publishing 2012) As Acemoglu and Robinson repeatedly emphasize in this subreddit's bible, Why Nations Fail: Peace, Prosperity, Poverty, and Read Another Book (Crown Publishing Group, 2012), societies prosper when they produce inclusive institutions, and they collapse when they are subject to extractive institutions. But San Francisco progressivism, with its roots in the 1960s counterculture movement, sought a way out of this equation. This movement believed the institutions of American culture at the time were extractive. But they blamed this on the very existence of the institutions themselves*.* They didn't try to replace extractive institutions with inclusive ones. Instead they imagined a society which was basically free of institutions entirely.
In this view one certainly couldn't trust the government or the church to dictate what experiences might be pleasurable or useful, so best to just allow or try everything. Some experiential and psychic explorers had wonderful insights and epiphanies, and they did break through to the other side, and some ended up with Jim Jones and the People's Temple.
- David Byrne,The Bicycle Diaries(Penguin Books, 2009) This way of viewing the city was as a location for small, locally-grounded communities. Where interference from forces larger than the community brought only damage. This was fundamentally at odds with the global capitalist Manhattan-esque powerhouse that city planners envisioned for the place. Where the planners were playing the role of Robert Moses, the new counterculture aligned with Jane Jacobs. They tended to believe, like her, that redevelopment, construction, change, etc...were threats. That in San Francisco's old 1800s construction there was community and culture, and that building over this old-ness would destroy that, as it had in the Fillmore when the city tried to get rid of all the black people...uh...blight. As Jacobs would put it:
Cities need old buildings so badly it is probably impossible for vigorous streets and districts to grow without them. ... If a city area only has new buildings, the enterprises that can exist there are automatically limited to those that can support the high costs of new construction. ... If you look about, you will see that only operations that are well established, high-turnover, standardized or heavily subsidized can afford, commonly, to carry the costs of new construction. Chain stores, chain restaurants and banks go into new construction. But neighborhood bars, foreign restaurants and pawn shops go into older buildings. Supermarkets and shoe stores often go into new buildings. But the unformalized feeders of the arts - studios, galleries, stores for musical instruments and art supplies, backrooms where the low earning power of a seat and a table can absorb uneconomic discussions - these go into old buildings.
-fromThe Death and Life of Great American Cities,Jane Jacobs, Random House, 1961 From this perspective, there was only one threat to what made San Francisco special, and it came in the form of a planning department permit.
To recapitulate the state of affairs circa 1970, the progrowth coalition had complete command of San Francisco's physical and economic development. The dream of remaking San Francisco into a West Coast Manhattan was rapidly taking solid form as skyscrapers went up, BART tracks were laid, and lands were cleared for redevelopment. ... The progrowth regime accomplished much, for better and for worse. It changed the face of San Francisco. In doing so, however, it fostered resistance among those the regime threatened or whose own dreams of the city were ignored. In dialectical fashion, the progrowth regime created the conditions that gave rise to its nemesis, the slow-growth movement.
-fromLeft Coast City: Progressive Politics in San Francisco, 1975 - 1991,Richard Edward DeLeon University Press of Kansas 1992 So now we've got a lot of different coalitions in San Francisco. There's the new-age hippies, the Chinese immigrants, the black community, the El Salvadorians and the Mexicans. There's a new gay and lesbian community in the Castro. And they're all pretty much okay letting each other have their corner of the city, because the balance of power is split and balkanized. None holds enough power to threaten the other. But they all, to varying degrees, feel threatened by development. So they start to organize their opposition to the pro-growth regime.
Baghdad by the Bay is now the Balkans by the Bay. Everything is pluribus, nothing is unum. Hyperpluralism reigns. The city has no natural majority; its majorities are made, not found. That is a key to understanding the city's political culture: Everyone is a minority. That means mutual tolerance is essential, social learning is inevitable, innovation is likely, and democracy is hard work. Economic change has produced social diversity, and social diversity is the root of the city's political culture. One of the controlling objectives of the progressive movement has been to slow the pace of economic change to protect against threats to social diversity. The economic forces that helped create San Francisco's political culture could also destroy it. The first line of defense is the antiregime. ... The ultimate function of the antiregime is to protect the community from capital. It is a regime with the "power to" thwart the exercise of power by others in remaking the city. The primary instrument of this power is local government control over land use and development. In San Francisco, these growth controls have achieved unprecedented scope in these types of limits they impose on capital. They are used to suppress, filter, or deflect the potentially destructive forces of market processes on urban life as experienced by people in their homes, neighborhoods, and communities.
-fromLeft Coast City: Progressive Politics in San Francisco, 1975 - 1991,Richard Edward DeLeon University Press of Kansas 1992 Since demand for housing in SF proper isn't really rising all that much due to suburbanization and white flight, shutting down this growth doesn't yet manifest in a visceral way in the form of rising housing prices. The paradigm of supply and demand is theoretical to this coalition because it does not have any tangible consequences. So they reject the theory and get to work passing new legal restrictions on development. They build powerful local interest groups to throw their weight around whenever a new development proposal arises for development in their communities. This policy and organizing infrastructure persists to this day. But when suburban sprawl in the Bay Area hits the boundaries of the greenbelt and there's no more room to absorb new housing demand in the suburbs, and as the tastes of the American hipster return to the same kinds of cultural amenities Jane Jacobs described above, the equation shifts in a big way. Starting with the first tech boom in the 1990s. TL;DR: In the postwar era, San Francisco blossoms culturally as an epicenter for radical liberal thought.
In the stagnating ashes of the local manufacturing and shipping economy, the blue collar residences are taken over by a new pluralistic group of people from a vast array of demographics.
Meanwhile, planners and politicians remake the city as an office hub to house the workforce of the suburban Bay Area as a whole.
The radical populist pluralism of the residents of San Francisco proper clashes with this vision for the city and they build an anti-growth coalition to combat it.
Because of the stagnating population this does not yet have consequences on housing costs - suburbanization is continuing to absorb regional demand rather than the city proper.
These consequences are hidden for decades - long enough for these groups to re-write local development law and cement their anti-growth coalition into local institutions, a sort of Maginot Line against growth.
Part Four: The Tech Boom and the Rise of the YIMBYs
A major impediment to a more efficient spatial allocation of labor is housing supply constraints. These constraints limit the number of US workers who have access to the most productive of American cities. In general equilibrium, this lowers income and welfare of all US workers.
- Chang-Tai Hsieh and Enrico Moretti, "Why Do Cities Matter? Local Growth and Aggregate Growth," NBER Working Paper 21154, National Bureau of Economic Standards, Cambridge, MA, May 2015 (revised June 2015) Jane Jacobs did a really good job explaining why, strictly from a cultural perspective, suburbs suck and cities are awesome. Weirdly for a long time a lot of people thought it was the other way around, but by the 1990s it wasn't cool to be all suburban anymore and it was way more punk rock to be in a city. So people who worked in Silicon Valley - largely younger people, fresh out of college - started wanting to live in San Francisco and Oakland instead, because the rest of the Bay Area was (and still is) sterile and suburban. When the personal computer became a household fixture and the internet started reaching the mass market, suddenly there was a lot more money to be made in computers. All of the sudden San Francisco's population went from slowly rising to rising pretty quickly again. In 1990 San Francisco's population was lower than it was in 1950. By 2000 it was higher. By 2010 it was a lot higher. Now it's over 20% higher than it was in 1990. San Francisco has always been a pretty expensive place to live, but that was mostly because it wasn't that depressed economically, plus it was beautiful from an aesthetic perspective and the weather was pretty much the tits. All of the sudden, though, it was still beautiful and the weather was still amazing, but it wasn't just "not that depressed economically" anymore. Suddenly it was a straight-up boomtown. And it still only has a fraction of the population - and, crucially, housing stock - that the Bay Area as a whole does. So this entire planning and political infrastructure had spent decades building in one direction, where people moving to the Bay Area for work would live in the suburbs. And in response this anti-growth regime of pluralistic populist left-wing hyper-local community groups succeeded in pretty much freezing development by law in San Francisco proper under the assumption that everyone would just go work in Silicon Valley instead. And then the cultural and economic inertia does a 180 on them. Now everyone wants to live in San Francisco even if they have to work somewhere else. These shifts - some local, some national, some global - have concentrated themselves in an unprecedented way in a city of less than a million people, focused on the tip of a peninsula only 7 miles across. With so little room for these effects to manifest, they manifest with a vengeance. There is nowhere to spread them out across. They hit like a tall glass of Bacardi 151. What this does to the housing prices is totally predictable.
California’s home prices and rents have risen because housing developers in California’s coastal areas have not responded to economic signals to increase the supply of housing and build housing at higher densities. A collection of factors inhibit developers from doing so. The most significant factors are: - Community Resistance to New Housing. Local communities make most decisions about housing development.Because of the importance of cities and counties in determining development patterns, how local residents feel about new housing is important. When residents are concerned about new housing, they can use the community’s land use authority to slow or stop housing from being built or require it to be built at lower densities. - Environmental Reviews Can Be Used to Stop or Limit Housing Development. The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) requires local governments to conduct a detailed review of the potential environmental effects of new housing construction (and most other types of development) prior to approving it. The information in these reports sometimes results in the city or county denying proposals to develop housing or approving fewer housing units than the developer proposed. In addition, CEQA’s complicated procedural requirements give development opponents significant opportunities to continue challenging housing projects after local governments have approved them. - Local Finance Structure Favors Nonresidential Development. California’s local government finance structure typically gives cities and counties greater fiscal incentives to approve nonresidential development or lower density housing development. Consequently, many cities and counties have oriented their land use planning and approval processes disproportionately towards these types of developments. - Limited Vacant Developable Land. Vacant land suitable for development in California coastal metros is extremely limited. This scarcity of land makes it more difficult for developers to find sites to build new housing.
Mac Taylor,High Housing Costs, Causes and Consequences,California Legislative Analyst's Office, 2015 Remember, this is all happening so fast that not only are the institutions built out of the antigrowth regime movement still exerting their power on development, the people who built them are. They're still alive and showing up to community meetings. Remember, if you were 20 in 1975, you're just barely at retirement age now. It's easy to understand why these people aren't responding to the price signals that are ringing alarm bells to everyone else. If they're renting, they're protected by rent control - their rent price is fixed to a modest cost of living increase as long as they don't move. This means they are totally insulated from a rising rental market, even if the direct consequence of rent control is suppressing supply and causing prices to rise for everyone else. And if they own instead of rent, wouldn't they be priced out from rising property taxes? Not in California they won't, thanks to Prop 13!* ^(\Prop 13 does not apply to forcible land transfers of tracts rightfully claimed by Ohlone Indians or their descendants)* These economic incentives ensure that their interests remain the same as they were in 1975 - all upside for them to oppose growth, and no downside. And in the face of this economic incentive, even the Fern Gully fairy tale that developers are inherently anti-environment is hardly necessary to get them to support restrictions which have a negative consequence on the environment and the economy:
Not all change is good, but much change is necessary if the world is to become more productive, affordable, exciting, innovative, and environmentally friendly....At a local level, activists oppose change by fighting growth in their own communities. Their actions are understandable, but their local focus equips them poorly to consider the global consequences of their actions. Stopping new development in attractive areas makes housing more expensive for people who don't currently live in those areas. Those higher housing costs in turn make it more expensive for companies to open businesses. In naturally low-carbon-emissions areas, like California, preventing development means pushing it to less environmentally friendly places, like noncoastal California and suburban Phoenix. Local environmentalism is often bad environmentalism.
-fromTriumph of the City, Edward Glaeser,Penguin Group, 2011 It's been long enough since the first tech boom, though, that today there are a lot of people for whom these incentives do not align. If you have to move apartments for whatever reason, you lose rent control. If you're a newcomer to the city, you never really got it in the first place. If you're an environmentalist who understands how carbon emissions work, you want to see more sustainable infill. Or, like me, if you're a native who has all these advantages but still wants the city to be a place where people can come and live and seek prosperity, regardless of their origins, you simply understand that this status quo must be broken. This is where the YIMBY movement gets its start. The YIMBY movement is nearly global at this point, but the most well-publicized first-movers in the fight got started in San Francisco about 5 years ago.
In San Francisco...things get weird. Here the tech boom is clashing with tough development laws and resentment from established residents who want to choke off growth to prevent further change. [Sonja] Trauss is the result: a new generation of activist whose pro-market bent is the opposite of the San Francisco stereotypes — the lefties, the aging hippies and tolerance all around. Ms. Trauss’s cause, more or less, is to make life easier for real estate developers by rolling back zoning regulations and environmental rules. Her opponents are a generally older group of progressives who worry that an influx of corporate techies is turning a city that nurtured the Beat Generation into a gilded resort for the rich. ... But the anger she has tapped into is real, reflecting a generational break that pits cranky homeowners and the San Francisco political establishment against a cast of newcomers who are demanding the region make room for them, too. ... Many longtime San Franciscans view groups like [the San Francisco Bay Area Renter's Federation (SF BARF)] as yet another example of how the technology industry is robbing San Francisco of its San Francisco-ness. Far from the hippies of the 1960s, many of today’s migrants lean libertarian — drawn by start-up dreams or to work for the likes of Google or Apple, two of the world’s most valuable companies. They tend to share a belief, either idealistically or naïvely, depending on who is judging, that corporations can be a force for social good and change. But BARF members are so single-minded about housing that they can be hard to label politically. They view San Francisco progressives as, in fact, fundamentally conservative. That is because, to the group members at least, progressive positions on housing seem less about building the city and more about keeping people like them out.
- Conor Dougherty,'In a Cramped and Costly Bay Area, Cries to 'Build, Baby, Build',New York Times, April 16th, 2016 All of the sudden a new coalition starts to form, drawing on the infrastructure of the old pro-growth urban regime and the influence of tech companies and young renters fed up with rising rental prices in the face of the demand. SF BARF gives way to less eccentric and more mainstream organizations like YIMBY Action. These groups start releasing voter guides and organizing for pro-growth political candidates. This shift is how San Francisco elected a YIMBY mayor, and how it elected, and then re-elected, the most YIMBY state representative in maybe the whole U.S. Sen. Wiener's success at the state level has been a major turning point in the YIMBY fight. Escalating these reforms to the state level pulls small cities and towns out of their Prisoner Dilemma, whereby each individual city stands to benefit if everyone else builds housing, but stands to suffer a disproportionate amount of harm in the form of demand on their infrastructure and services if only they do. He has built a pro-housing coalition with, among others, fellow Bay Area legislators Sen. Nancy Skinner (D - Oakland/Berkeley), Assemblymember David Chiu (D-San Francisco), and Assemblymember Buffy Wicks (D - Oakland/Berkeley). The YIMBY movement in Sacramento is now largely driven by urban Bay Area legislators, pushing against pro-suburb Republicans and substantial anti-gentrification coalitions from the Los Angeles area. Housing development has accellerated in both San Francisco and Oakland on the back of new-found public support for housing supply growth. I have no reason to doubt this shift will continue as the grip of the old anti-growth regime loosens. It's inevitable once the incentives of the pluralistic components of the political coalitions shift. Eventually the people with Prop 13 protections will stop owning their homes, one way or another. Eventually the people with pre-tech rents will move and the units will be rented again at market rate. And when that happens to a large enough degree, the incentives driving the dominant political coalition will shift in earnest towards the evidence-based conclusions of economists and environmentalists. I'd go so far as to say we're past the beginnings of this, and maybe even past the turning point. But in the mean time, San Francisco is a hotly contested development battlefield. And to top it all off, if this sudden crunch wasn't already a recipe for capturing the national and global imagination, now it's happening right in front of the people who work at Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and Reddit. This makes the drama rife for all of us to watch unfold. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Thank you for coming to my TED talk.
The Sauce: False claims of electoral fraud and next steps
Normally, I’d post Lost in the Sauce today (technically, yesterday). However, I think it’s important to focus on the election issues first - I’d call this THE sauce. Later this week, perhaps Thursday, I’ll post the real Lost in the Sauce. Housekeeping:
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What’s next
Each state will “certify” its results — between now and December 8. The Electoral College meets to “vote” on December 14. Congress meets in joint session to “count” the Electoral College’s votes on January 6. Emily Murphy, administrator of the General Services Administration, is refusing to sign a letter allowing President-elect Joe Biden’s transition team to formally begin its work this week. Her approval is required to provide the transition with funding, as well as access to government officials, office space in agencies, and equipment.
A GSA spokesperson told The Hill, however, that Administrator Emily Murphy, a political appointee named to the post by Trump, is waiting to determine that “a winner is clear.” "An ascertainment has not yet been made. GSA and its Administrator will continue to abide by, and fulfill, all requirements under the law," the spokesperson added in a statement when asked if changes were forthcoming in the days ahead.
Attorney General William Barr issued a memo on Monday authorizing U.S. attorneys to open investigations into claims of voter fraud. Barr’s directive states that probes can be launched “if there are clear and apparently-credible allegations of irregularities that, if true, could potentially impact the outcome of a federal election in an individual State.”
...previous guidance from the Justice Department’s Election Crimes Branch that said prosecutors should not — in most instances — take overt steps in voter fraud or related investigations until after election results are in and certified. The guidance was designed to ensure that voters and state and local election officials, rather than the federal government, decide the results, and that, if prosecutors wanted to deviate from the norm, they would at least first have to consult with Public Integrity prosecutors and the Election Crimes Branch.
In protest of Barr’s directive, Richard Pilger - the longtime director of the Election Crimes Branch - stepped down from his position. In an email to colleagues, Pilger wrote that the new DOJ policy is "abrogating the forty-year-old Non-Interference Policy for ballot fraud investigation in the period prior to elections becoming certified and uncontested." Some worry that fraud found under Barr’s new policy, however insignificant, will give Republican state legislaures cover to directly appoint Trump-supporting electors to the Electoral College, overturning the state’s popular votes.
The legal theory that would allow state legislatures to go rogue and appoint electors without regard for the popular vote rests on an argument made by Chief Justice William Rehnquist in Bush v. Gore, for himself and two other justices. On this view, a legislature is unconstrained in its power to set the manner by which electors are selected—meaning that even after an election, the legislature could ignore the results and select a different slate altogether. (Lawfare)
The idea has been pushed by conservative radio host Mark Levin and Senator Lindsey Graham (clip), particularly regarding Pennsylvania. However, Pennsylvania Senate Majority Leader Jake Corman shut down the proposal, saying that state law makes it clear Pennsylvania must follow the popular vote. Realistically, it is very unlikely an attempt to override the popular vote will succeed. The point, as with many of the electoral lawsuits brought by Trump, is to undermine faith in the results and in Biden’s presidency. However, in order to prepare for all possibilities, we can explore what would happen if a state sent illegitimate Trump-supporting electors to the final count conducted by Congress:
On Jan. 6, when the roll call arrives at a state with dueling slates of electors, House Democrats would insist on certifying those pledged to Biden...Senate Republicans could seek to validate the Trump electors. One possibility is that Vice President Pence would assert his prerogative, as president of the Senate, to control the counting of electoral votes and determine which slate is valid…If that were to occur, Democrats presumably would attempt to shut down the entire process until Republicans acquiesced. The Electoral Count Act explicitly states there is no moving on to the next state in line until any dispute is resolved, so Democrats can derail the process. Pence might try to continue with the vote, but the House could then refuse to participate in the joint session any further, which would shut down the counting. While the stalemate persisted, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) could claim the right to serve as acting president starting on Jan. 20 for as long as Senate Republicans fail to recognize Biden’s status as president-elect based on the popular vote in the relevant states.
Misinformation and threats
Rightwing social media spread a list of over 14,000 alleged registered voters in Michigan who are dead, yet managed to cast a vote. CNN examined a subset of the list consisting of 50 entries, finding that 37 are actually dead and did not cast a vote; 5 are alive and voted; 8 are alive and didn’t vote. In other words, no fraud was discovered. Furthermore, some state registration systems indicate a missing date of birth by adopting filler dates, such as 01/01/1900, 01/01/1850, or 01/01/1800.
President Trump plans to brandish obituaries of people who supposedly voted but are dead — plus hold campaign-style rallies — in an effort to prolong his fight against apparent insurmountable election results
Facebook took down a widespread network of pages tied to President Trump’s former chief strategist Stephen Bannon for pushing misinformation about voter fraud and delegitimizing election results. The pages include “a Group that was originally named ‘Stop the Steal’ which later became ‘Gay Communists for Socialism’ and misled people about its purpose using deceptive tactics.”
Twitter permanently suspended Bannon’s Twitter account after he suggested last week that Dr. Anthony Fauci and FBI Director Christopher Wray should be beheaded.
Prominent Trump supporters including Bannon and George Papadopoulos, have been pushing a baseless conspiracy that votes were changed in Biden’s favor using a deep-state supercomputernamed “Hammer” and a computer program named “Scorecard.”
“I think there are any number of things they need to investigate, including the likelihood that three percent of the vote total was changed in the pre-election voting ballots that were collected digitally by using the Hammer program and the software program called Scorecard,” Sidney Powell, the attorney for former Trump national security adviser Michael Flynn, said Friday in an appearance on Fox Business. “That would have amounted to a massive change in the vote.”
A texting company run by Gary Coby, the Trump campaign’s digital director, sent out thousands of targeted, anonymous text messages urging supporters to rally where votes were being counted in Philadelphia on Thursday, falsely claiming Democrats were trying to steal the presidential election. The company, Opn Sesame, has earned millions as a hub of text-messaging efforts for the Trump campaign and the Republican National Committee this election cycle
“ALERT: Radical Liberals & Dems are trying to steal this election from Trump! We need YOU!” the text said, directing recipients to “show your support” on a street corner near the Philadelphia Convention Center where votes were being counted and tensions were running high.
Note: See section below, “Trump’s game,” for more on Trump-connected emails and text messages.
Later Thursday night, two men were arrested near the convention center for carrying loaded handguns without a permit. There are indications they believed fake ballots were being counted there, suggesting that they were motivated by rightwing disinformation about election fraud. Antonio LaMotta, 61, and Joshua Macias, 42, both of Chesapeake, Virginia, had over 160 rounds of ammunition in a car adorned with Qanon stickers. There has been a TON of misinformation over the past week. NYT has kept a fact-checking list of the most prevalent false claims.
Trump lawsuit updates
The following cases were brought since Election Day: In Pennsylvania, a federal judge dismissed a Trump campaign lawsuit to compel Philadelphia election officials to stop counting ballots. In another case, a state judge ruled in the campaign’s favor, allowing campaign officials to observe the Philadelphia process from a six-foot distance. Ongoing litigation in PA:
On Monday, the Trump campaign filed a new lawsuit against Pennsylvania’s secretary of state and seven counties, seeking an injunction prohibiting them from certifying the state’s results of the 2020 election. The campaign brings a multitude of complaints - from mismanaged mail voting to a blockade of observers. Rick Hasen, an election law expert from the University of California in Irvine, said the lawsuit is “extremely unlikely” to change the outcome in Pennsylvania or the national outcome favoring Biden.
A case to compel Pennsylvania Secretary of State Kathy Boockvar and all 67 counties to impose an earlier date for voters to show proof of identification if it was not on their initial ballots. A state judge ordered officials to segregate provisional ballots from voters with deficiencies on their mail-in ballots.
A case to compel the Montgomery County Board of Elections to stop counting mail-in-ballots. The Trump campaign and RNC allege that the board of elections was counting 600 ballots that had not been placed in secrecy envelopes and was therefore not complying with requirements.
A case to intervene in an already existing dispute before the U.S. Supreme Court about whether ballots the state received after 8 p.m. on Election Day should count. Ballots arriving after Election Day have already been segregated and have not been counted.
In Nevada, the Trump campaign has brought two lawsuits, both rejected by the courts. The first case: a federal judge refused an injunction on the automated signature-verification machines used in Clark County. The second case: a state judge denied the campaign and RNC’s request to halt the counting process in Clark County until they could observe the process. In Michigan, conservatives have lost both claims it tried to bring in court since Election day. The first: a Court of Claims judge denied a Trump campaign request to halt the counting of absentee ballots, on the grounds that campaign officials had not been given access to observe the process as required by state law. The second: A Wayne County Circuit Court judge denied a conservative group’s request to halt the certification of election results in Detroit.
Trump’s lawyers tried to appeal the ruling in the first case, but it botched its initial attempt at a filing.
In Georgia, the Trump campaign has filed one lawsuit, seeking to disqualify just 50-some ballots. The campaign claimed the ballots arrived late but a judge ruled against them, saying Trump lawyers provided no evidence. In Arizona, the Trump campaign and RNC are involved in an ongoing case alleging “up to thousands” of votes weren’t counted in Maricopa County due to irregularities (e.g. selecting more than one person in a single race). However, Deputy Maricopa County Attorney told a judge that only 180 of the 165,860 cast in person on Election Day had such potential errors.
Trump’s game
What is the point of these lawsuits and claims of election fraud? (1) It undermines Biden’s presidency; (2) It soothes Trump’s ego; (3) Trump is using it as an opportunity to fundraise; (4) Republicans hope it will keep their base fired up for the two Georgia Senate races in January. At least half of donations to the Trump campaign’s “election defense” fund will go toward paying down debt for the president's campaign. A separate fundraising effort by the "Trump Make America Great Again Committee" states that 60% of contributions will go toward campaign debt while 40% goes to the RNC.
Archive: This Election isn’t over yet. We still have a long way to go and I need to know that I can count on you. I’m putting together an Election Defense Task Force that will be made up of my STRONGEST defenders. I’m calling on YOU to step up and join. Please contribute $5 IMMEDIATELY to join the Election Defense Task Force and to increase your impact by 1000%.
Furthermore, there is no evidence that donations are ever matched at any percentage, let alone 1000%. As WaPo reports, this is likely another instance of Trump swindling his supporters:
In terms of legality, experts generally agree that false statements intended to flatter donors would be deemed harmless rhetoric in court. While lying about a donation match could legally be considered consumer fraud, there isn’t a specific campaign law against it.
Trump also recently formed a leadership PAC, “a federal fund-raising vehicle that will potentially let him retain his hold on the Republican Party even after he leaves office.” A leadership PAC could accept donations from an unlimited number of people and from other PACs.
A leadership PAC could spend an unlimited amount in so-called independent expenditures to benefit other candidates, as well as fund travel, polling and consultants. Mostly, it would almost certainly be a vehicle by which Mr. Trump could retain influence in a party that has been remade largely in his image over the past four years.
To a similar end, Trump has begun telling people that he may run for president again in 2024. This will keep him relevant and help him retain control over the GOP in the years to come. Combined with the creation of a new PAC and claims of being cheated, it appears that Trump wants to maintain a flow of cash and support during Biden’s presidency.
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Fairy Tale: The New Critical Idiom, 1st Edition: Andrew Teverson
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Families, Professionals, and Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships and Trust, 7th Edition: Ann Turnbull & H. Turnbull & Elizabeth Erwin & Leslie Soodak & Karrie Shogren
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Financial Accounting Cases, 3rd Canadian Edition: Camillo Lento & Jo-Anne Ryan
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From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Ecomic Calculation: David Ramsay Steele
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Human Knowledge: Classical and Contemporary Approaches, 3rd Edition: Paul K. Moser & Arnold vander Nat
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Human Rights: Politics and Practice, 3rd Edition: Michael Goodhart
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Human Trafficking: Applying Research, Theory, and Case Studies, 1st Edition: Noel B. Busch-Armendariz & Maura B. Nsonwu & Laurie C. Heffron
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Introduction to Communication Disorders: A Lifespan Evidence-Based Perspective, 6th Edition: Robert Owens & Kimberly Farinella & Dale Metz
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